Labarai - Kula da Matakan Iskar Oxygen da ke Narkewa a Tsarin Haɗa Magungunan Bio

Menene Oxygen da Ya Narke?

Oxygen da ya narke (DO) yana nufin oxygen na kwayoyin halitta (O2)_₂) wanda ke narkewa a cikin ruwa. Ya bambanta da atom ɗin iskar oxygen da ke cikin ƙwayoyin ruwa (H_₂O), kamar yadda yake a cikin ruwa a cikin nau'in ƙwayoyin iskar oxygen masu zaman kansu, ko dai sun samo asali ne daga yanayi ko kuma waɗanda tsire-tsire na ruwa ke samarwa ta hanyar photosynthesis. Yawan DO yana shafar abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da zafin jiki, gishiri, kwararar ruwa, da ayyukan halittu. Saboda haka, yana aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar alama don tantance yanayin lafiya da gurɓataccen muhallin ruwa.

Iskar oxygen da ta narke tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka metabolism na ƙwayoyin cuta, tana tasiri ga numfashin ƙwayoyin halitta, girma, da kuma biosynthesis na samfuran metabolism. Duk da haka, matakan iskar oxygen da ta narke ba koyaushe suke da amfani ba. Yawan iskar oxygen na iya haifar da ƙarin metabolism na samfuran da aka tara kuma yana iya haifar da halayen guba. Matakan DO mafi kyau sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban. Misali, yayin biosynthesis na penicillin, yawanci ana kiyaye DO a kusan kashi 30% na cikar iska. Idan DO ya faɗi zuwa sifili kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan matakin na tsawon mintuna biyar, samuwar samfurin na iya raguwa sosai. Idan wannan yanayin ya ci gaba na mintuna 20, lalacewa mai canzawa na iya faruwa.

A halin yanzu, na'urori masu auna DO da aka fi amfani da su za su iya auna cikar iska ne kawai, maimakon cikakken yawan iskar oxygen da aka narkar. Bayan an tsaftace yanayin al'ada, ana yin iska da juyawa har sai karatun firikwensin ya daidaita, a lokacin ne aka saita ƙimar zuwa cikar iska 100%. Ma'aunin da ke biyo baya yayin aikin fermentation sun dogara ne akan wannan ma'auni. Ba za a iya tantance ƙimar DO ta amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina na yau da kullun ba kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin dabaru na ci gaba, kamar polarography. Duk da haka, ma'aunin cikar iska gabaɗaya ya isa don sa ido da sarrafa hanyoyin fermentation.

A cikin na'urar ferment, matakan DO na iya bambanta a yankuna daban-daban. Ko da an sami ingantaccen karatu a wani lokaci, sauye-sauye na iya faruwa a wasu hanyoyin al'adu. Manyan na'urorin ferment suna nuna manyan bambance-bambancen sarari a matakan DO, wanda zai iya shafar girma da yawan ƙwayoyin cuta sosai. Shaidun gwaji sun nuna cewa, kodayake matsakaicin matakin DO na iya zama 30%, aikin fermentation a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai canzawa ya fi ƙasa da na yanayin kwanciyar hankali. Saboda haka, a cikin haɓaka na'urorin fermentation - bayan la'akari da kamanceceniya ta geometric da iko - rage bambancin DO na sarari ya kasance babban burin bincike.

Me yasa Kula da Iskar Oxygen da Ya Narke yake da Muhimmanci a Tsarin Haɗa Magungunan Halittu?

1. Don Kula da Muhalli Mafi Kyau ga Ƙananan Halittu ko Ƙwayoyin Halitta
Haɓakar masana'antu yawanci tana ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da na iskar oxygen, kamar Escherichia coli da yisti, ko ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar ƙwayoyin halittar Hamster Ovary (CHO). Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna aiki a matsayin "ma'aikata" a cikin tsarin fermentation, suna buƙatar iskar oxygen don numfashi da aikin metabolism. Oxygen yana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar electron na ƙarshe a cikin numfashin iskar oxygen, yana ba da damar samar da makamashi a cikin nau'in ATP. Rashin isasshen iskar oxygen na iya haifar da shaƙewar ƙwayoyin halitta, kamawar girma, ko ma mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta, a ƙarshe yana haifar da gazawar fermentation. Kula da matakan DO yana tabbatar da cewa yawan iskar oxygen ya kasance cikin mafi kyawun kewayon don ci gaba da ci gaban ƙwayoyin halitta da rayuwa.

2. Don Tabbatar da Ingantaccen Tsarin Kayayyakin da Aka Yi Niyya
Manufar fermentation na biopharmaceutical ba wai kawai don haɓaka yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin halitta ba ne, har ma don sauƙaƙe haɗakar samfuran da ake so yadda ya kamata, kamar insulin, ƙwayoyin rigakafi na monoclonal, alluran rigakafi, da enzymes. Waɗannan hanyoyin biosynthetic sau da yawa suna buƙatar isasshen kuzari, galibi ana samun su ne daga numfashin iska. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin tsarin enzymatic da ke cikin haɗakar samfura sun dogara kai tsaye akan iskar oxygen. Rashin iskar oxygen na iya kawo cikas ko rage ingancin waɗannan hanyoyin.

Bugu da ƙari, matakan DO suna aiki a matsayin siginar tsari. Dukansu yawan DO mai yawa da ƙarancin yawa na iya:
- Canza hanyoyin metabolism na ƙwayoyin halitta, misali, canzawa daga numfashi mai motsa jiki zuwa rashin ingantaccen aikin anaerobic fermentation.
- Yana haifar da martani ga damuwa ta ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da samar da samfuran da ba a so.
- Tasiri ga matakan bayyanar sunadaran waje.

Ta hanyar sarrafa matakan DO daidai a matakai daban-daban na fermentation, yana yiwuwa a jagoranci metabolism na tantanin halitta zuwa ga mafi girman haɗakar samfuran da aka yi niyya, ta haka ne za a cimma yawan fermentation mai yawa da yawan amfanin ƙasa.

Gabatarwa ga Jadawalin Gudun Ruwa don Magungunan Bio

3. Don Hana Rashin Iskar Oxygen ko Yawan Sha
Rashin iskar oxygen (hypoxia) na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako:
- Girman ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma haɗakar samfura sun daina.
- Tsarin metabolism yana canzawa zuwa hanyoyin anaerobic, wanda ke haifar da tarin acid na halitta kamar lactic acid da acetic acid, wanda ke rage pH na yanayin al'ada kuma yana iya lalata ƙwayoyin halitta.
- Tsawon lokacin da iskar oxygen ke shiga jiki na iya haifar da lalacewa mai ɗorewa, tare da murmurewa ba ta cika ba ko da bayan an dawo da iskar oxygen.

Yawan iskar oxygen (supersaturation) shima yana haifar da haɗari:
- Yana iya haifar da damuwa ta oxidative da kuma samuwar nau'in iskar oxygen mai amsawa (ROS), wanda ke lalata membranes na tantanin halitta da kwayoyin halitta.
- Iska mai yawa da tashin hankali suna ƙara yawan amfani da makamashi da kuɗin aiki, wanda ke haifar da asarar albarkatu marasa amfani.

4. A Matsayin Ma'auni Mai Muhimmanci Don Kulawa da Kula da Ra'ayoyin Masu Sake Faɗawa a Lokaci-lokaci

DO wani tsari ne na ainihi, mai ci gaba, kuma cikakke wanda ke nuna yanayin ciki na tsarin fermentation. Canje-canje a cikin matakan DO na iya nuna yanayi daban-daban na jiki da aiki a hankali:
- Girman ƙwayoyin halitta cikin sauri yana ƙara yawan amfani da iskar oxygen, wanda ke haifar da raguwar matakan DO.
- Ragewar ko hana samuwar substrate yana rage yawan sinadarin oxygen da ake sha, yana kuma haifar da hauhawar matakan DO.
- Gurɓatar da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasashen waje ke yi yana canza yanayin shan iskar oxygen, wanda ke haifar da canjin DO mara kyau kuma yana aiki a matsayin siginar gargaɗi da wuri.
- Matsalolin kayan aiki, kamar lalacewar injin juyawa, toshewar bututun iska, ko gurɓatar matattara, suma na iya haifar da rashin ɗabi'ar DO mara kyau.

Ta hanyar haɗa sa ido na DO na ainihin lokaci zuwa tsarin sarrafa amsawa ta atomatik, ana iya cimma daidaitaccen tsari na matakan DO ta hanyar daidaitawa masu canzawa na sigogi masu zuwa:
- Saurin juyawa: Ƙara saurin yana ƙara hulɗar iskar gas da ruwa ta hanyar wargaza kumfa, ta haka yana inganta yadda iskar oxygen ke aiki. Wannan ita ce hanya mafi amfani kuma mafi inganci.
- Saurin iska: Daidaita yawan kwararar iskar gas ko abun da ke cikin iskar gas (misali, ƙara yawan iskar oxygen ko tsantsar iskar oxygen).
- Matsi a tanki: Haɓaka matsin lamba yana ƙara yawan iskar oxygen, ta haka yana ƙara narkewar iska.
- Zafin Jiki: Rage zafin jiki yana ƙara yawan iskar oxygen a cikin yanayin al'ada.

Shawarwarin samfurin BOQU don sa ido kan yanar gizo game da fermentation na halitta: