Labarai - Kula da Narkar da Matakan Oxygen a Tsarin Haɗin Magungunan Bio Pharmaceutical

Menene Narkar da Oxygen?

Narkar da Oxygen (DO) yana nufin oxygen na kwayoyin halitta (O_₂) wanda ake narkar da shi cikin ruwa. Ya bambanta da atom ɗin oxygen da ke cikin kwayoyin ruwa (H_₂O), kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin ruwa a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin oxygen masu zaman kansu, ko dai sun samo asali ne daga yanayi ko kuma suna samuwa ta hanyar photosynthesis ta hanyar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Matsalolin DO yana tasiri da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da zazzabi, salinity, kwararar ruwa, da ayyukan nazarin halittu. Don haka, yana aiki azaman mai nuna mahimmanci don tantance yanayin lafiya da gurɓacewar muhallin ruwa.

Narkar da iskar oxygen tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta, tasirin numfashi ta salula, haɓaka, da biosynthesis na samfuran rayuwa. Koyaya, mafi girma matakan narkar da iskar oxygen ba koyaushe suke da amfani ba. Yawan iskar oxygen na iya haifar da ƙarin metabolism na samfuran da aka tara kuma yana iya haifar da halayen guba. Mafi kyawun matakan DO sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban. Misali, yayin biosynthesis na penicillin, DO yawanci ana kiyaye shi a kusan kashi 30% na saturation na iska. Idan DO ya faɗi zuwa sifili kuma ya kasance a wannan matakin na tsawon mintuna biyar, ƙirar samfur na iya yin rauni sosai. Idan wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har tsawon mintuna 20, lalacewar da ba za ta iya jurewa ba na iya faruwa.

A halin yanzu, na'urori masu auna firikwensin DO da aka fi amfani da su na iya auna ma'aunin ma'aunin iskar dangi kawai, maimakon cikakken tattarawar iskar oxygen. Bayan haifuwa na matsakaicin al'ada, ana yin iska da motsawa har sai karatun firikwensin ya daidaita, a wannan lokacin ana saita ƙimar zuwa 100% saturation na iska. Ma'auni na gaba yayin aiwatar da fermentation sun dogara ne akan wannan tunani. Ba za a iya ƙayyade ƙimar DO cikakke ta amfani da daidaitattun na'urori masu auna firikwensin ba kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin fasahohi na ci gaba, kamar hoton hoto. Koyaya, ma'aunin saturation na iska gabaɗaya sun wadatar don saka idanu da sarrafa hanyoyin haifuwa.

A cikin fermenter, matakan DO na iya bambanta a yankuna daban-daban. Ko da lokacin da aka sami ingantaccen karatu a lokaci ɗaya, ana iya samun sauyi a wasu kafofin watsa labarai na al'ada. Manyan fermenters suna nuna bambance-bambancen sarari a cikin matakan DO, wanda zai iya tasiri ga ci gaban ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da haɓaka. Shaidar gwaji ta nuna cewa, kodayake matsakaicin matakin DO na iya zama 30%, aikin fermentation a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu canzawa yana da ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da yanayin kwanciyar hankali. Saboda haka, a cikin ma'auni na fermenters-bayan la'akari da yanayin lissafi da kamancen ikon iko - rage girman bambance-bambancen DO ya kasance babban makasudin bincike.

Me yasa Narkar da Oxygen Kulawa Yana da Muhimmanci a Haɗin Biopharmaceutical?

1. Don Kula da Mafi kyawun Muhalli na Ci gaba don Ƙwayoyin Halitta ko Kwayoyin Halitta
Haɗin masana'antu yawanci ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, irin su Escherichia coli da yisti, ko ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa, irin su sel Hamster Ovary (CHO). Wadannan kwayoyin suna aiki a matsayin "ma'aikata" a cikin tsarin fermentation, suna buƙatar iskar oxygen don numfashi da aiki na rayuwa. Oxygen yana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe a cikin numfashi na aerobic, yana ba da damar samar da makamashi ta hanyar ATP. Rashin isassun iskar oxygen na iya haifar da shaƙawar salula, kama girma, ko ma mutuwar tantanin halitta, wanda ke haifar da gazawar fermentation. Kula da matakan DO yana tabbatar da cewa yawan iskar oxygen ya kasance a cikin mafi kyawun kewayon don dorewar ci gaban tantanin halitta da yuwuwa.

2. Don Tabbatar da Ingantacciyar Haɗin Kayan Kayan Target
Makasudin fermentation na biopharmaceutical ba wai kawai don haɓaka haɓakar tantanin halitta bane amma don sauƙaƙe ingantaccen haɗin samfuran da ake so, kamar insulin, ƙwayoyin rigakafin monoclonal, alluran rigakafi, da enzymes. Waɗannan hanyoyin biosynthetic sau da yawa suna buƙatar shigar da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, da farko an samo su daga numfashi na aerobic. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin tsarin enzymatic da ke cikin haɗin samfurin kai tsaye sun dogara da oxygen. Rashin iskar oxygen na iya rushewa ko rage ingancin waɗannan hanyoyin.

Bugu da ƙari, matakan DO suna aiki azaman siginar tsari. Dukansu ɗimbin yawa masu girma da ƙarancin DO na iya:
- Canza hanyoyin rayuwa na salon salula, alal misali, canzawa daga numfashin iska zuwa fermentation na anaerobic mara inganci.
- Yana haifar da martanin damuwa na salula, yana haifar da samar da samfuran da ba a so.
- Tasiri matakan magana na sunadaran da ke waje.

Ta hanyar sarrafa matakan DO daidai a matakai daban-daban na fermentation, yana yiwuwa a jagoranci metabolism na salula zuwa ga mafi girman hadafin samfurin da aka yi niyya, ta yadda za'a sami babban ƙima da haɓakar amfanin ƙasa.

Gabatarwa ga Jadawalin Gudun Ruwa na Magungunan Bio

3. Don Hana Karancin Oxygen ko Ya wuce gona da iri
Rashin iskar oxygen (hypoxia) na iya haifar da sakamako mai tsanani:
- Girman salula da haɗin samfurin sun daina.
- Metabolism yana canzawa zuwa hanyoyin anaerobic, yana haifar da tarin kwayoyin acid kamar lactic acid da acetic acid, wanda ke rage pH na matsakaicin al'ada kuma yana iya cutar da kwayoyin halitta.
- Tsawon hypoxia na iya haifar da lalacewar da ba za a iya jurewa ba, tare da dawowa baya cika ko da bayan an dawo da iskar oxygen.

Yawan iskar oxygen (supersaturation) shima yana haifar da haɗari:
- Yana iya haifar da damuwa na oxidative da samuwar nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS), wanda ke lalata membranes cell da biomolecules.
- Yawan yawan iska da tashin hankali yana ƙara yawan amfani da makamashi da tsadar aiki, wanda ke haifar da sharar albarkatun da ba dole ba.

4. A Matsayin Ma'auni Mai Mahimmanci don Kulawa na Lokaci na Gaskiya da Sarrafa Sabis

DO shine ainihin-lokaci, ci gaba, kuma cikakkiyar siga wanda ke nuna yanayin ciki na tsarin fermentation. Canje-canje a cikin matakan DO na iya nuna mahimmancin yanayi daban-daban na ilimin lissafi da na aiki:
- Ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta da sauri yana ƙara yawan iskar oxygen, yana haifar da raguwar matakan DO.
- Ragewa ko hanawa yana rage jinkirin metabolism, rage yawan iskar oxygen da haifar da matakan DO.
- Lalacewa daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasashen waje yana canza yanayin amfani da iskar oxygen, yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa na DO da kuma yin aiki azaman siginar gargaɗin farko.
- Rashin aiki na kayan aiki, kamar gazawar motsa jiki, toshewar bututun iska, ko lalatawar tacewa, na iya haifar da mummunan hali na DO.

Ta hanyar haɗa saka idanu na DO na ainihi cikin tsarin sarrafa martani mai sarrafa kansa, ana iya samun daidaitaccen tsari na matakan DO ta hanyar daidaitawa mai ƙarfi na sigogi masu zuwa:
- Gudun motsawa: Ƙara saurin yana haɓaka hulɗar ruwa-gas ta hanyar tarwatsa kumfa, don haka inganta haɓakar iskar oxygen. Wannan ita ce hanya mafi yawan amfani da inganci.
- Adadin iska: Daidaita yawan kwarara ko abun da ke ciki na iskar gas (misali, ƙara yawan iska ko iskar oxygen mai tsabta).
- Matsi na tanki: hawan hawan yana kara yawan karfin iskar oxygen, ta haka yana inganta narkewa.
- Zazzabi: Rage yawan zafin jiki yana ƙara haɓaka iskar oxygen a cikin matsakaicin al'ada.

Shawarwari na samfur na BOQU don sa ido kan kan layi na fermentation na halitta: